8 research outputs found

    Automatic classification of complaints from public administration

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    Complaint management is a problem faced by many organizations that is both vital to customer satisfaction and retention, while being highly dependent on human resources. This work attempts to tackle a part of the problem, by classifying summaries of complaints using machine learning models in order to better redirect these to the appropriate responders. To solve the aforementioned problem text mining, and more specifically natural language processing, were used alongside machine learning algorithms for automatic classification. The main challenge of this task is related with the diverse set of characteristics real world datasets have, in this case being small and highly imbalanced. This can have a big impact on the performance of the classification models. The dataset analyzed in this work suffers from both of these problems, being relatively small and having labels in different proportions the three most common labels account for around 95% the dataset. In this work, two different techniques are analyzed: multistage classification with for classifying the more common labels first and the remaining on a second step; and, generating new artificial examples for some classes via translation into other languages. The classification models explored were the following: k-NN, SVM, Naïve Bayes, boosting, and Deep Learning approaches, including transformers. Although, in general using summaries leads to better results, we also experimented with the full documents. Using the models trained with the summarized documents the classification of the full documents. Even though the results were not on par with the summarized dataset the experimented presented good results for signaling the most common label of the documents. We conclude that although, as expected, the classes with little representation are hard to classify, the techniques explored helped to boost the performance, especially in the classes with a low number of elements. SVM and Transformer-based models outperformed their peers.A classificação de texto é uma área de estudo em aberto, dependendo do problema dos dados disponíveis e estudo em questão, o melhor método nem sempre é mesmo. Dentro da área da inteligência artificial No caso das empresas a classificação de queixas (como neste trabalho) ou mesmo de incidentes é uma tarefa que ainda requer muito trabalho manual. Neste trabalho vai ser abordada a classificação automática de queixas recebidas por uma instituição pública. No processo de tratamento das queixas a classificação é parte do grande panorama e a sua automatização permite acelerar muito os processos manuais que são actualmente usados. Neste contexto, foram trabalhados os sumários das queixas e as técnicas usadas para aplicar modelos de classificação automática. O conjunto de dados é consideravelmente pequeno e apresenta um grande desequilíbrio na distribuição das classes, sendo que as três maiores têm perto de 95% dos dados. Para colmatar este problema foram analisadas duas abordagens: classificação em duas etapas e aumento do conjunto de treino com base em traduções dos sumários. Neste contexto foram usados alguns modelos de classificação como k-NN, SVM, Naïve Bayes, boosting e BERT. Usando modelos treinados com os sumários foi também realizada uma experiência de classificação dos textos completos das queixas. Apesar dos resultados serem piores do que os obtidos usando o dados resumidos, estes apresentam alguma taxa de sucesso, especialmente para classificação da classe mais frequente. Com base neste trabalho foi possível concluir que a classificação das classes com menos representação é um desafio, mas através de técnicas de aumento do conjunto de treino é possível melhorar substancialmente o resultado obtido. Também utilizar uma estratégia de classificação multietapa permite melhorar os resultados obtidos. Os melhores modelos para a classificação foram SVM e BERT

    Estudos Luso-Hispanos de História do Direito II = Estudios Luso-Hispanos de Historia del Derecho II

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    This book brings together a set of studies that were presented and discussed at the III Spanish-Portuguese Meeting of Law Historians. They deal with central themes of the History of Law and Institutions in Modern and Contemporary eras, with special emphasis on the peninsular territories and also on the territories that made up, at different times, the Spanish and Portuguese empires. As a whole, they contribute to broaden and deepen the historical knowledge of aspects related to justice and the administration of the territories, the functioning of institutions (courts, universities, courts) and the discussion of legal concepts central to the knowledge of the legal-political doctrine produced at different times of a vast chronological period.Este libro reúne un conjunto de estudios que fueron presentados y discutidos en el III Encuentro hispano-luso de historiadores del Derecho. Tratan temas centrales de la historia del derecho y de las instituciones en la época moderna y contemporánea, con especial énfasis en los territorios peninsulares y también en los territorios que compusieron, en distintas épocas, los imperios español y portugués. En su conjunto, contribuyen a ampliar y profundizar el conocimiento histórico de aspectos relacionados con la justicia y la administración de los territorios, el funcionamiento de las instituciones (tribunales, universidades, Cortes) y la discusión de conceptos jurídicos centrales para el conocimiento de la doctrina jurídico-política producida en distintos momentos de un vasto período cronológico. = Neste livro reúne-se um conjunto de estudos que foram apresentados e discutidos no III Encontro hispano-luso de historiadores do Direito. Neles são abordados temas centrais da história do direito e das instituições na época moderna e contemporânea, com especial incidência nos territórios peninsulares e também nos territórios que integraram, em momentos diversos, os impérios espanhol e português. No seu conjunto, contribuem para o alargamento e o aprofundamento do conhecimento histórico de aspectos ligados à justiça e à administração dos territórios, ao funcionamento das instituições (tribunais, universidades, Cortes) e à discussão de conceitos jurídicos centrais para o conhecimento da doutrina jurídico-política produzida em momentos diferentes de um vasto período cronológico

    Estudios Luso-Hispanos de Historia del Derecho II

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    Este libro reúne un conjunto de estudios que fueron presentados y discutidos en el III Encuentro hispano-luso de historiadores del Derecho. Tratan temas centrales de la historia del derecho y de las instituciones en la época moderna y contemporánea, con especial énfasis en los territorios peninsulares y también en los territorios que compusieron, en distintas épocas, los imperios español y portugués. En su conjunto, contribuyen a ampliar y profundizar el conocimiento histórico de aspectos relacionados con la justicia y la administración de los territorios, el funcionamiento de las instituciones (tribunales, universidades, Cortes) y la discusión de conceptos jurídicos centrales para el conocimiento de la doctrina jurídico-política producida en distintos momentos de un vasto período cronológico.Neste livro reúne-se um conjunto de estudos que foram apresentados e discutidos no III Encontro hispano-luso de historiadores do Direito. Neles são abordados temas centrais da história do direito e das instituições na época moderna e contemporânea, com especial incidência nos territórios peninsulares e também nos territórios que integraram, em momentos diversos, os impérios espanhol e português. No seu conjunto, contribuem para o alargamento e o aprofundamento do conhecimento histórico de aspectos ligados à justiça e à administração dos territórios, ao funcionamento das instituições (tribunais, universidades, Cortes) e à discussão de conceitos jurídicos centrais para o conhecimento da doutrina jurídico-política produzida em momentos diferentes de um vasto período cronológico.This book brings together a set of studies that were presented and discussed at the III Spanish-Portuguese Meeting of Law Historians. They deal with central themes of the History of Law and Institutions in Modern and Contemporary eras, with special emphasis on the peninsular territories and also on the territories that made up, at different times, the Spanish and Portuguese empires. As a whole, they contribute to broaden and deepen the historical knowledge of aspects related to justice and the administration of the territories, the functioning of institutions (courts, universities, courts) and the discussion of legal concepts central to the knowledge of the legal-political doctrine produced at different times of a vast chronological period.Apresentação. Em memória do professor António Manuel Hespanha / Cristina Nogueira da Silva, Margarida Seixas (pp. 11-16). -- L’illuminismo giuridico: strategia di dominio o progetto di emancipazione? / Pietro Costa (pp. 17-30). -- El gobernador general de Cataluña Requesens fiscalizado por seis inquisidores políticos (1421) / Daniel Álvarez-Gómez (pp. 31-56). -- Causas de remoción de la carga de expósitos en Galicia a través de los pleitos del Hospital Real de Santiago: siglo XVIII / Bouzada Gil (pp.57-82). -- Corte, administración y territorio en la edad moderna: propuesta de análisis en el ámbito ibérico / Ignacio Ezquerra (pp. 83-132). -- Dominium na doutrina de Francisco de Vitória: reflexões para a historiografia de um discurso jurídico moderno / Ana Caldeira Fouto (pp. 133-160). -- Régimen jurídico del examen de abogado ante el Real Acuerdo de la Chancillería de Valladolid (1495-1834) / Víctor Gautier Fernández (pp. 161-188). -- O pretenso tribunal de Resgate de cativos (o Regimento de 20 de Março de 1461) / Isabel Graes (pp. 189-214. -- Entre tribunales, ministros y procedimientos. La historiografía jurídica y social sobre las Audiencias reales en el Antiguo Régimen / Francisco Miguel Martín Blázquez (pp. 215-238). -- Do trabalho livre nos textos da Segunda Escolástica Peninsular: manuscritos portugueses no final do século XVI / Margarida Seixas (pp. 239-264). -- Domingo de Soto y la defensa del ius migrandi e ius communicationis en la controversia de la reforma de asistencia social del siglo XVI / Sandro Alex Souza Simões (pp. 265-286). -- Da ordem do juízo de 1526 à nova ordem do juízo de 1577: notas sobre reformas processuais no Portugal quinhentista / Jorge Veiga Testos (pp. 287-322). -- La II República y el Estatuto Orgánico de los territorios españoles del Golfo de Guinea / Jose Luis Bibang Ondo Eyang (pp. 323-352). -- A estranha alquimia da Cláusula Martens de 1864 até à I Conferência de Paz da Haia de 1899 / Anabela Paula Brízido (pp. 353-390). -- A influência internacional na elaboração das leis de caça em Moçambique colonial / Marcos Dias Coelho (pp. 391-410). -- El final de los pretendientes a oficios: perfil jurídico de una figura para la provisión de empleos en su última etapa (ca. 1805-1852) / Francisco Javier Díaz Majano (pp. 411-440). -- Constitución, Código y Sociedad Anónima (1812-1848) / Jesús Jimeno-Borrero (pp. 441-462). -- A reforma de Gonçalves Ferreira: o Estado Novo e os primórdios de um Sistema Nacional de Saúde em Portugal / Filipe de Arede Nunes (pp. 463-490). -- Incongruências do foro militar. O processo de Francisco Maximiliano de Sousa (1822-1823) / João Andrade Nunes (pp. 491-516). -- La reforma de la universidad en el siglo XX. 100 años del Plan Silió: el proyecto de autonomía de la Universidad de Granada / Marina Rojo Gallego-Burín (pp. 517-546). -- Teor e propósito da história do direito civil português Contemporâneo / Jorge Silva Santos (pp. 547-576). -- The diminished administration (about the Spanish government in the Philippines during the second half of the 19th century) / María Julia Solla Sastre (pp. 577-584). -- Três formatos jurídicos e relações coloniais conflituosas no norte de Moçambique (1894 - 1940) / Fernanda do Nascimento Thomaz (pp. 585-614). -- A fluidez do liberalismo oitocentista: uma análise do debate sobre eleições diretas ou indiretas nas Cortes Gerais e Extraordinárias da Nação Portuguesa (1821-1822) e na Primeira Assembleia Nacional Constituinte do Brasil (1823) / Maíra Tito (pp. 615-648

    Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

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    As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

    Health-status outcomes with invasive or conservative care in coronary disease

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    BACKGROUND In the ISCHEMIA trial, an invasive strategy with angiographic assessment and revascularization did not reduce clinical events among patients with stable ischemic heart disease and moderate or severe ischemia. A secondary objective of the trial was to assess angina-related health status among these patients. METHODS We assessed angina-related symptoms, function, and quality of life with the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) at randomization, at months 1.5, 3, and 6, and every 6 months thereafter in participants who had been randomly assigned to an invasive treatment strategy (2295 participants) or a conservative strategy (2322). Mixed-effects cumulative probability models within a Bayesian framework were used to estimate differences between the treatment groups. The primary outcome of this health-status analysis was the SAQ summary score (scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status). All analyses were performed in the overall population and according to baseline angina frequency. RESULTS At baseline, 35% of patients reported having no angina in the previous month. SAQ summary scores increased in both treatment groups, with increases at 3, 12, and 36 months that were 4.1 points (95% credible interval, 3.2 to 5.0), 4.2 points (95% credible interval, 3.3 to 5.1), and 2.9 points (95% credible interval, 2.2 to 3.7) higher with the invasive strategy than with the conservative strategy. Differences were larger among participants who had more frequent angina at baseline (8.5 vs. 0.1 points at 3 months and 5.3 vs. 1.2 points at 36 months among participants with daily or weekly angina as compared with no angina). CONCLUSIONS In the overall trial population with moderate or severe ischemia, which included 35% of participants without angina at baseline, patients randomly assigned to the invasive strategy had greater improvement in angina-related health status than those assigned to the conservative strategy. The modest mean differences favoring the invasive strategy in the overall group reflected minimal differences among asymptomatic patients and larger differences among patients who had had angina at baseline

    Initial invasive or conservative strategy for stable coronary disease

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    BACKGROUND Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, whether clinical outcomes are better in those who receive an invasive intervention plus medical therapy than in those who receive medical therapy alone is uncertain. METHODS We randomly assigned 5179 patients with moderate or severe ischemia to an initial invasive strategy (angiography and revascularization when feasible) and medical therapy or to an initial conservative strategy of medical therapy alone and angiography if medical therapy failed. The primary outcome was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or resuscitated cardiac arrest. A key secondary outcome was death from cardiovascular causes or myocardial infarction. RESULTS Over a median of 3.2 years, 318 primary outcome events occurred in the invasive-strategy group and 352 occurred in the conservative-strategy group. At 6 months, the cumulative event rate was 5.3% in the invasive-strategy group and 3.4% in the conservative-strategy group (difference, 1.9 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8 to 3.0); at 5 years, the cumulative event rate was 16.4% and 18.2%, respectively (difference, 121.8 percentage points; 95% CI, 124.7 to 1.0). Results were similar with respect to the key secondary outcome. The incidence of the primary outcome was sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction; a secondary analysis yielded more procedural myocardial infarctions of uncertain clinical importance. There were 145 deaths in the invasive-strategy group and 144 deaths in the conservative-strategy group (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.32). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, we did not find evidence that an initial invasive strategy, as compared with an initial conservative strategy, reduced the risk of ischemic cardiovascular events or death from any cause over a median of 3.2 years. The trial findings were sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction that was used
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